Ziarah dan Relasi Sunni-Syiah: Akar Serazngan Mematikan Terhadap Peziarah di Pakistan
Muhammad Tarobin
Abstract
One of the areas that had conflict and the deadliest religious
conflicts and violence in Islam world is in Pakistan, a Nation
that has strong and profound Islamic tradition. Muslims in
Pakistan are around 180 millions population, and 15 percent
among them are followers of Shia madzhab. It has been three
decades since Pakistan was declared in 17 August 1947, Sunni
and Shia community lived in Harmony. However, ahead of Islamic
revolution in Iran in 1979, Sunni-Shia’s relation heated up. In the
last two decades, Pakistan region has become the deadliest region,
especially for Pakistan Shia Pilgrims. This paper tries to see the
root of the problems. Based on study toward literary materials,
there are three factors causing Sunni-Shia conflict in Pakistan,
which are : by the appointment of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
in the authority (1977), The Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979,
and the politics of nerve war in border Kashmir and Afganistan.
Nevertheles, conflicts and the deadly violence are more complex
due to power competition in the country and intervention from
United States, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.
Keywords: Wali, Tawassul bi al-Dhāt, Salafi- Wahabi, Imāmiyah.
Salah satu wilayah yang mengalami konflik dan kekerasan
keagamaan paling mematikan di dunia Islam adalah Pakistan,
negara yang memiliki tradisi keIslaman cukup kuat dan mengakar.
Umat Muslim di Pakistan berjumlah sekitar 180 juta, dan 15
persen diantaranya merupakan penganut mazhab Syiah. Telah
tiga dasawarsa sejak Pakistan didirikan pada 17 Agustus 1947,
komunitas Sunni dan Syiah hidup dalam suasana harmonis.
Namun menjelang revolusi Islam di Iran pada 1979, hubungan
Sunni- Syiah memanas. Dua dasawarsa terakhir wilayah Pakistan
menjadi wilayah paling mematikan, khususnya bagi peziarahpeziarah
Syiah Pakistan. Tulisan ini hendak melihat akar
permasalahan tersebut. Berdasarkan telaah terhadap bahanbahan
tertulis, ada tiga faktor yang menyulut konflik Sunni-
Syiah di Pakistan, yakni: naiknya Jenderal Muhammad Zia-ul-
Haq dalam tampuk kekuasaan (tahun 1977), Revolusi Islam Iran
tahun 1979, dan politik perang syaraf di perbatasan Kashmir dan
Afghanistan. Namun, konflik dan kekerasan mematikan tersebut
semakin kompleks akibat persaingan kekuasaan di dalam negeri,
dan campur tangan Amerika Serikat, Saudi Arabia, dan Iran.
Kata Kunci: Wali, Tawassul bi al-Dhāt, Salafi- Wahabi, Imāmiyah.
conflicts and violence in Islam world is in Pakistan, a Nation
that has strong and profound Islamic tradition. Muslims in
Pakistan are around 180 millions population, and 15 percent
among them are followers of Shia madzhab. It has been three
decades since Pakistan was declared in 17 August 1947, Sunni
and Shia community lived in Harmony. However, ahead of Islamic
revolution in Iran in 1979, Sunni-Shia’s relation heated up. In the
last two decades, Pakistan region has become the deadliest region,
especially for Pakistan Shia Pilgrims. This paper tries to see the
root of the problems. Based on study toward literary materials,
there are three factors causing Sunni-Shia conflict in Pakistan,
which are : by the appointment of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
in the authority (1977), The Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979,
and the politics of nerve war in border Kashmir and Afganistan.
Nevertheles, conflicts and the deadly violence are more complex
due to power competition in the country and intervention from
United States, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.
Keywords: Wali, Tawassul bi al-Dhāt, Salafi- Wahabi, Imāmiyah.
Salah satu wilayah yang mengalami konflik dan kekerasan
keagamaan paling mematikan di dunia Islam adalah Pakistan,
negara yang memiliki tradisi keIslaman cukup kuat dan mengakar.
Umat Muslim di Pakistan berjumlah sekitar 180 juta, dan 15
persen diantaranya merupakan penganut mazhab Syiah. Telah
tiga dasawarsa sejak Pakistan didirikan pada 17 Agustus 1947,
komunitas Sunni dan Syiah hidup dalam suasana harmonis.
Namun menjelang revolusi Islam di Iran pada 1979, hubungan
Sunni- Syiah memanas. Dua dasawarsa terakhir wilayah Pakistan
menjadi wilayah paling mematikan, khususnya bagi peziarahpeziarah
Syiah Pakistan. Tulisan ini hendak melihat akar
permasalahan tersebut. Berdasarkan telaah terhadap bahanbahan
tertulis, ada tiga faktor yang menyulut konflik Sunni-
Syiah di Pakistan, yakni: naiknya Jenderal Muhammad Zia-ul-
Haq dalam tampuk kekuasaan (tahun 1977), Revolusi Islam Iran
tahun 1979, dan politik perang syaraf di perbatasan Kashmir dan
Afghanistan. Namun, konflik dan kekerasan mematikan tersebut
semakin kompleks akibat persaingan kekuasaan di dalam negeri,
dan campur tangan Amerika Serikat, Saudi Arabia, dan Iran.
Kata Kunci: Wali, Tawassul bi al-Dhāt, Salafi- Wahabi, Imāmiyah.